In Poland, there is a noticeable increase in Russian espionage activity, according to Canadian intelligence. The support of Poland by Ukraine during Russia's ongoing war in Ukraine is believed to be the reason for this growth, according to Canadian intelligence.

Additionally, Polish intelligence agencies are working on dismantling Russian spy networks within the country. Polish government institutions are also working on using and developing new technologies aimed at expanding their surveillance capabilities.

Key Judgement 1. It is highly likely that Poland will increasingly counter Russian espionage operations through the detention of foreign agents.

Key Judgement 2. It is highly likely that Russian espionage operations aimed at destabilising Poland will increase in the next 12 months.

Key Judgement 3. It is highly likely that Poland will continue to develop its counter-intelligence capacity and increase the use of surveillance technology in the next 12 months.